The existence of smallholder farmer (petani gurem) in Indonesia has a long and unique historical root. This paper intends to trace the traditional patterns of paddy-field ownership up to the 19th century... Read more »
Before the arrival of the Prophet Muhammad to Medina, there were frequent conflicts between the Jewish tribes of Madinah with the tribes of Aus and Khazraj. The Jews were originally superior to... Read more »
For the Muslims, whatever actions he takes must always refer to the teachings of Islam, which are stated in the Al-Qur’an. For practical matters, the Prophet Muhammad SAW often provided guidance for... Read more »